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Server

Infrastructure-as-code and service definitions for luke-else.co.uk's self-hosted server estate: three Hetzner Cloud VPS instances provisioned with OpenTofu, each running a set of Docker Compose stacks behind Traefik.

Architecture
Repository layout
Prerequisites
Provisioning the infrastructure
Deploying the services
Service inventory
First-time setup
Development container
Security notes

Architecture

Three servers, one shared private network:

architecture-beta
    group cloud(cloud)[Hetzner]

    group network(cloud)[network] in cloud

    service disk1(mdi:disk)[Storage] in cloud
    service disk2(mdi:disk)[Storage] in cloud

    service dev(mdi:server)[dev] in network

    service prod(mdi:server)[prod] in network
    service prodfirewall(mdi:firewall)[firewall] in cloud

    service vpn(mdi:server)[vpn] in cloud
    service vpnfirewall(mdi:firewall)[firewall] in cloud

    service gateway(mdi:web)[gateway] in cloud

    dev:L -- R:prod
    disk1:B -- T:prod
    disk2:B -- T:dev

    prod:B -- T:prodfirewall
    vpn:B -- T:vpnfirewall

    prodfirewall: L -- R: gateway
    vpnfirewall: B -- T: gateway

gateway represents the public internet, not a provisioned resource.

Server	Purpose	Network	Volume
`dev`	Gitea, CI runner, dev-facing Traefik	Private network only (no public firewall exposure beyond CI/CD)	`dev-storage`
`prod`	Public-facing websites, Bitwarden, RustDesk, status page, prod Traefik	Private network + public firewall	`prod-storage`
`vpn`	OpenVPN + its own Traefik	Not attached to the private network — kept isolated so a compromised VPN endpoint can't pivot to `dev`/`prod`	none

dev and prod share a private Hetzner network (10.0.1.0/24 by default) so CI/CD on dev can reach deployment targets on prod without exposing that traffic publicly. vpn is deliberately kept off this network. Each server has its own Hetzner Cloud Firewall (see infra/modules/<host>/main.tf) that only opens the ports actually used by the compose stacks running on it, plus SSH restricted to var.allowed_ssh_source_ips.

Repository layout

.
├── infra/                    # OpenTofu (Terraform-compatible) config — provisions the 3 servers, network, firewalls, volumes
│   ├── main.tf                # root module: wires network + dev/prod/vpn modules together
│   ├── variables.tf           # shared inputs (sizes, locations, IP ranges, SSH key name)
│   ├── outputs.tf             # pass-through outputs from each host module
│   ├── ssh.tf                 # looks up the SSH key already uploaded to Hetzner Cloud
│   ├── versions.tf            # provider requirements
│   ├── terraform.tfvars.example
│   └── modules/
│       ├── network/           # shared private network + subnet (used by dev and prod)
│       ├── dev/                # dev server + firewall + volume
│       ├── prod/               # prod server + firewall + volume
│       └── vpn/                # vpn server + firewall (no private network, no volume)
├── services/                 # Docker Compose stacks, grouped by which server they run on
│   ├── dev/                   # Gitea + CI runner + Traefik (git.luke-else.co.uk, cicd.luke-else.co.uk)
│   ├── prod/                  # Websites, Bitwarden, RustDesk, status page + Traefik
│   ├── vpn/                    # OpenVPN + Traefik
│   └── todo.md                # Outstanding manual setup/hardening tasks
├── docs/
│   └── architecture.md       # Source of the architecture diagram above
├── .devcontainer/             # Git submodule: shared devcontainer for working on this repo (OpenTofu tooling)
└── assets/

Each of services/dev, services/prod, services/vpn follows the same convention: one *-docker-compose.yml (or subdirectory, e.g. Runners/) per logical service, plus a spinup.sh / spindown.sh pair that brings up or tears down every stack on that host in the right order. infra/modules/ mirrors this same dev/prod/vpn split on the provisioning side, so a given host's cloud resources and its compose stacks are easy to find side by side.

Prerequisites

A Hetzner Cloud project and API token
An SSH key uploaded to that project (Console → Security → SSH Keys)
OpenTofu >= 1.6.0
Docker + the Compose plugin on each target server
DNS records for the domains in Service inventory pointed at the relevant server's public IP

Provisioning the infrastructure (`infra/`)

cd infra
export HCLOUD_TOKEN=your-hetzner-api-token   # never commit this
cp terraform.tfvars.example terraform.tfvars
$EDITOR terraform.tfvars                     # set ssh_key_name at minimum

tofu init
tofu plan
tofu apply

This creates, via module.network / module.dev / module.prod / module.vpn in infra/main.tf:

hcloud_network + subnet, shared by dev and prod (modules/network)
one hcloud_server + hcloud_firewall per host, scoped to the ports each host actually uses (modules/dev, modules/prod, modules/vpn)
one hcloud_volume each for dev and prod (modules/dev, modules/prod; vpn has none)

Useful outputs: tofu output dev_ipv4, tofu output prod_ipv4, tofu output vpn_ipv4.

terraform.tfvars and any *.tfvars file are gitignored — never commit real values there. Defaults for server sizes, locations, and IP ranges live in infra/variables.tf and are passed down into the modules from infra/main.tf; override them per-environment via terraform.tfvars.

Deploying the services (`services/`)

Once a server exists, copy the relevant services/<host>/ directory to it (e.g. scp -r services/prod user@<prod_ipv4>:~/services) and run the matching script from inside that directory:

# on dev
./spinup.sh     # Traefik → Gitea Runner → Watchtower
./spindown.sh   # reverse order, then prunes images/volumes

# on prod
./spinup.sh    # Traefik, then (after a 20s cert/registry settle) Watchtower, status, websites, Bitwarden, RustDesk
./spindown.sh

# on vpn
./spinup.sh     # Traefik → OpenVPN → Watchtower
./spindown.sh

Each stack can also be managed individually with plain Compose, e.g.:

cd services/prod
docker compose -f bitwarden-docker-compose.yml up -d
docker compose -f bitwarden-docker-compose.yml down

All three hosts run Watchtower polling every 60s with cleanup enabled, so images are kept current automatically once deployed — the spinup scripts only need to be re-run after adding/removing a service or changing compose files.

Every public-facing service is fronted by its host's own Traefik instance, terminating TLS via Let's Encrypt (tlschallenge, port 80/443). Each stack joins an external proxy Docker network and opts in via traefik.enable=true labels rather than publishing ports directly (RustDesk and the Gitea SSH port are the deliberate exceptions, since they aren't HTTP).

Service inventory

`dev`

Service	Compose file	Domain(s)
Traefik	`traefik-docker-compose.yml`	`traefik.cicd.luke-else.co.uk`
Gitea	`gitea-docker-compose.yml`	`git.luke-else.co.uk` (HTTP), SSH on `222`
Gitea Actions runner	`Runners/docker-compose.yml`	`cicd.luke-else.co.uk`
Watchtower	`watchtower-docker-compose.yml`	—

`prod`

Service	Compose file	Domain(s)
Traefik	`traefik-docker-compose.yml`	`traefik.luke-else.co.uk`
Websites	`web-docker-compose.yml`	`luke-else.co.uk`, `dev.luke-else.co.uk`, `metarius.luke-else.co.uk`, `www.divine-couture.co.uk`, `snexo.co.uk`
Status page (Uptime Kuma)	`status-docker-compose.yml`	`status.luke-else.co.uk`
Bitwarden (Vaultwarden)	`bitwarden-docker-compose.yml`	`bitwarden.luke-else.co.uk`
RustDesk relay (hbbs/hbbr)	`rd-docker-compose.yml`	`rd.luke-else.co.uk`, ports `21115-21119`
Watchtower	`watchtower-docker-compose.yml`	—

`vpn`

Service	Compose file	Domain(s)
Traefik	`traefik-docker-compose.yml`	`traefik.vpn.luke-else.co.uk`
OpenVPN (Dockovpn)	`vpn-docker-compose.yml`	`vpn.luke-else.co.uk`, UDP `1194`
Watchtower	`watchtower-docker-compose.yml`	—

First-time setup

A few things need manual attention before a stack is fully live — tracked in services/todo.md, summarized here:

Gitea Actions runner: set a real GITEA_RUNNER_REGISTRATION_TOKEN in services/dev/Runners/docker-compose.yml (generate one from the Gitea admin UI) before starting the runner.
Traefik dashboard auth: the committed basic-auth hash is a placeholder. Generate your own with echo $(htpasswd -nb user password) | sed -e 's/\$/\$\$/g' and replace the traefik-auth middleware value in each traefik-docker-compose.yml.
General host hardening: non-root user, UFW, unattended-upgrades, Docker install — see services/todo.md.

Development container

.devcontainer is a git submodule providing a ready-to-use OpenTofu development environment (VS Code + OpenTofu/Docker/Mermaid extensions). After cloning:

git submodule update --init --recursive

Then reopen the repo in VS Code with the Dev Containers extension.

Security notes

Real secrets (HCLOUD_TOKEN, *.tfvars, .env files) must never be committed — see .gitignore.
SSH is restricted to var.allowed_ssh_source_ips on every host; narrow this from the default 0.0.0.0/0 once you know your own egress IP(s).
vpn is intentionally excluded from the private network so that a compromised VPN endpoint cannot reach dev or prod directly.
Firewalls are allowlists scoped per host in infra/modules/<host>/main.tf — only ports actually used by that host's compose stacks (plus the cross-host private network range) are open.

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